The Snow Man By Wallace Stevens - 1133 Words

In â€Å"The Snow Man† by modernist poet Wallace Stevens, the idea is brought up that one must have a certain mind to see things a certain way; in his poem, Stevens explores the idea of perception, challenging the realities commonly seen, with one common scene often interpreted. The poem describes a scene in the midst of winter’s gloom, then shifts into the perception of this scene, saying how in reality there is no gloom. Stevens mentions how â€Å"one must have a mind of winter†(line 1) to refuse internal psychological interpretations on the outside world. But at the same time, he is leaning to the other side, saying how difficult something like that is. In an earlier line, Stevens says â€Å"to regard†(line 2), but he laters shifts to â€Å"behold.†(line 5) The word behold implies awe, and the words that follow it, â€Å"the junipers shagged with ice/ the spruces rough in the distant glitter/ of the January sun;†(lines 5-7) seem to evoke a sense of melancholy. He follows that set up with a sort of obvious-fact tone in his next line by saying â€Å"and not to think of any misery in the sound of the wind.† (lines 7-8) Stevens is stating that one must have a mind of winter, or a mind that is like winter, in order to look at all the desolation, and not think of precisely that. But he uses language that sets up a very lonely mood, which is the reality of what he is trying to say. As something is seen and perceived, minds interpret it accordingly to what they feel; vise versa, something commonly associatedShow MoreRelatedThe Snow Man by Wallace Stevens1518 Words   |  7 PagesAfterlife: the complete emptiness Wallace Stevens (1879–1955) wrote most of his poems during the world wars period, which took the lives of millions of people. As a result, Wallace Stevens started to question the importance of religion in the modern era, and felt that you should enjoy your life in the present and not waste time living for an afterlife. In his poem â€Å"The Snow Man†, Stevens describes a harsh winter environment creating a unique dramatic situation through an effective imagery. HeRead MoreInterpretation and Analysis of Wallace Stevens The Snow Man1466 Words   |  6 PagesThe Snow Man by Wallace Stevens is a poem which creates a unique dramatic situation through an effective imagery, and which compels the reader to employ another way of thinking in order to both understand the poem and realize its very theme. The first thing that is noticeable about the poem is that it is actually just one long, complex sentence. There is no rhyme, and there is no particular meter. Each foot varies: the poem becomes a combination of iambs (the frost, and not, the sound, thatRead MoreA Force of Nature: Imagination in the Poetry of Wallace Stevens and John Ashbery1602 Words   |  7 Pagesfeeling what seems to him to be poetry at that time† (The necessary vii). What Stevens is suggesting here is that a poet must find a particular voice among other voices –other poets– and that his voice will be significant only if it intends to be a contribution to the theory of poetry, in the sense that they â€Å"are disclosures of poetry, not disclosures of definitions of poetry† (Ibid). Precisely, the poetry of Wallace Stevens and John Ashbery are disclosures of poetry regarding imagination, for they dealRead MoreAnalysis of Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird, by Wallace Stevens1525 Word s   |  7 Pages Wallace Stevens is not an easy poet to understand. His work is purposely twisted and tangled so one is forced to thing-whether they want to or not. Stevens’ poetry ranges from real life situations to situations which are simply a depiction of his imagination. One thing can be concluded though, Stevens does not allow his work to have a single meaning. Why should he? This is the upmost quality that makes his stand out from his competitors in the poetic industry. An interesting theme thoughRead MoreDistancing And Undistancing : The Ideas Of Man1473 Words   |  6 PagesDistancing and Undistancing: The Ideas of Man and the Idea of God in Wallace Stevens The practice of poetry is the practice of understanding the abstract qualities of reality. Wallace Stevens, one of most appreciated poets of the twentieth century, uses the medium in an effort to discover a sense of order in the disorder of daily life. He focuses on the distinction between the visible and the abstract invisible, and, as can be seen in his poems â€Å"The Idea of Order at Key West† and â€Å"An OrdinaryRead MoreThirteen Ways of Self-Questioning1358 Words   |  6 PagesThirteen Ways of Self-Questioning The poem â€Å"Thirteen Ways of Looking at a Blackbird† is written by Wallace Stevens. It contains thirteen sections; each section provides us a picture that is centered by the element of blackbird. Blackbird in the poem signifies people’s consciousness. So this poem wants to tell us that every person has a perspective to look at the world. It questions our process of thought to understand the world, and reminds us realize the problem of it. In â€Å"The Language of Paradox†Read More Modernist Literature Essay2369 Words   |  10 Pagesmusic†Ã¢â‚¬â€danced through the music scene. Painters such as Pablo Picasso and Wassily Kandinsky stroked over the paintings of impressionist, representationalist artists, such as Hilaire-Germain-Edgar Degas. Poets like T.S. Eliot, e.e. cummings, Wallace Stevens, and William Carlos Williams broke the rules of conventional poetry. Lastly, Ernest Hemingway and F. Scott Fitzgerald replaced the plot-driven novels of the nineteenth century with their works: The Sun Also Rises and The Great Gatsby. NewRead MoreRichard Wilbur s Boy At The Window834 Words   |  4 Pages Richard is a poet who was in the U.S. army in World War II. According to the Poetry Foundation, the war influenced his poetry. He was born in 1912 in New York City and won the Pulitzer Prize two times and won many other awards, such as the Wallace Stevens award. One poem Richard Wilbur wrote was â€Å"Boy at the Window†. This poem is about a boy looking out a window at a snowman, but the young boy does not quite understand why the snowman has to suffer out in the cold. The theme of the poem is as oneRead MoreExplication of Wallace Stevens Snowman1399 Words   |  6 Pages Wallace Stevens explores the perception of a January winter scene in his poem â€Å"The Snow Man.† The poem occurs over the space of five unrhymed stanzas, three lines each, and is contained to a single, deceptively simple sentence. Within this sentence, semicolons split up the viewer’s actions as the speaker expands on t he necessities of the scenery. Rather than that which is perceived, it is the act of perception on which the poem focuses, and passive verbs predominantly characterize this central actionRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Anthem By Ayn Rand For Summer Reading My Freshman Year1360 Words   |  6 Pagesdestination is the Capitol. 3. A stated reason to go there: Katniss wishes to bring down the government that has been mistreating the people of Panem. 4. Challenges and trials: Katniss faces many challenges along the way, most of them involving President Snow wanting her dead in some way and the government trying to kill her to stop the rebellion. 5. The real reason to go: In this trilogy in particular, the real reason to go is very similar to the stated reason. The real reason Katniss wants to go to the

Department Of Homeland Security A Nation We Must Never...

As a nation we must never overlook any threat. With groups like ISIS and other terror groups we must always be vigilant. One area where we must pay close attention is within our nation’s critical infrastructures. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) has identified 16 critical infrastructure sectors. These sectors assets, systems, and networks are considered so vital to our nation that their destruction or incapacitation would cause grave harm to our national security, economic security, and public health or safety (Critical Infrastructure Sectors, 2016). To better realize this areas importance we will look at the top three vulnerable sectors. #1. Communication Sector This sector is an integral component to your nation’s economy, operations of all businesses, as well as public and government organizations. In addition, this sector is mainly operated by the private sector (Critical Infrastructure Sectors, 2016). These reasons are why I feel this sector is most vulnerable for attack. With the majority of the sector ran by private companies and the critical nature of this sector makes it a prime area for attack. The chaos which would ensue due an attack on this sector could be devastating. With the loss of communication our nation could not function. Post 9/11 the President’s Commission on Critical Infrastructure Protection acknowledge the interlinking systems and dependencies within our critical infrastructures poses many vulnerabilities which would allow adversary incapableShow MoreRelatedWhy We Should Fight the War on Terrorism2959 Words   |  12 Pagesthis day, our nation united, determined to obliterate the evil force of terrorism from the planet Earth. Now, just eight years later, these same people wish to pardon the acts of evil, disregarding the 2,995 deaths that they united to avenge just a few years before. So the question lies before us; do we hunt down and punish those responsible for these cowardly acts, or do we ignorantly allow terrorist to revenge the freedoms our founding fathers worked so hard for? Because of the threat caused by terroristRead MoreEssay on The Impact of Terrorism on Immigration3353 Words   |  14 Pagesthe United States legally, as tourists, business travelers, or students. This was also true of the perpetrators of previous terrorist acts . . . While it is absolutely essential that we not scapegoat immigrants, especially Muslim immigrants, we also must not overlook the most obvious fact: the current terrorist threat to the United States comes almost exclusively from individuals who arrive from abroad. Thus, our immigration policy, including temporary and permanent visas issuance, border controlRead MoreImmigration in Australia3348 Words   |  14 Pagesseekers are queue jumpers (c) More people are coming to Australia by boat because the government is â€Å"soft† on asylum seekers (d) Offshore detention will stop the boats and break the people-smugglers’ business model (e) Australia is full and we will be swamped with foreigners (f) Asylum seekers take jobs away from Australian citizens (g) Most asylum seekers are Muslims and potential terrorists (h) Children are no longer in immigration detention in Australia All of the assumptionsRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words   |  163 Pagesï » ¿TABLE OF CONTENTS FOR NSL READING CHAPTER 1: National Security Law and the Role of Tipson 1 CHAPTER 2: Theoretical approaches to national security world order 4 CHAPTER 3: Development of the International Law of Conflict Management 5 CHAPTER 4: The Use of Force in International Relations: Norms Concerning the Initiation of Coercion (JNM) 7 CHAPTER 5: Institutional Modes of Conflict Management 17 The United Nations System 17 Proposals for Strengthening Management Institutional ModesRead MoreDrug Dependency And Drug Related Crime6861 Words   |  28 Pagesconsistency, cannot account for all of the factors that contribute to a person’s decision to engage in crime, and neglect to identify accurately which drug, if any, was a significant factor and in what way. While studies do directly link alcohol with violence and narcotics with property crime, they only succeed in suggesting marijuana users are not any more or less likely to engage in crime when on the drug than non-users. The current ‘solution’ is unsustainable and ineffective. Examples from EnglandRead MoreFundamentals of Hrm263904 Words   |  1056 Pagesprinted by Courier/Kendallville. This book is printed on acid free paper. Copyright  © 2010, 2007, 2005, 2002 John Wiley Sons, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorizationRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages 8 A Century of Environmental Transitions †¢ Richard P. Tucker 315 About the Contributors †¢ 343 _ IN TR OD UC TIO N Michael Adas B y any of the customary measures we deploy to demarcate historical epochs, the twentieth century does not appear to be a very coherent unit. The beginnings and ends of what we choose to call centuries are almost invariably years of little significance. But there is little agreement over when the twentieth century c.e. arrived, and thereRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 Pages Moreover, modern business marketing activities are to a large extent, a consequence of the societal view of marketing. The essence of marketing is a transaction, an exchange intended to satisfy human needs or wants. Consequently, marketing occurs any time on societal limit strive to exchange something of value with another social unit. Marketing consists of all the activities to facilitate the exchange. Within this societal perspective, then (1) the makers (2) what they are marketing and (3) theirRead MoreCase Study148348 Words   |  594 Pagesstored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without either the prior written permission of the Publishers or a licence permitting restricted copying in the United Kingdom issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., Saffron House, 6-10 Kirby Street, London EC1N 8TS. This book may not be lent, resold, hired out or otherwise disposed of by way of trade in any form of binding or cover other than that in whichRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pages(or speciï ¬ cally written) to provide readers with a core of cases which, together, cover most of the main issues in the text. As such, they should provide a useful backbone to a programme of study but could sensibly be supplemented by other material. We have provided a mixture of longer and shorter cases to increase the ï ¬â€šexibility for teachers. Combined with the illustrations and the short case examples at the end of each chapter (in both versions of the book) this increases the reader’s and tutor’s

Comparison of the Vision or Mission Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Comparison of the Vision or Mission. Answer: Comparison of the vision or mission statement According to the mission, statement Aristocrat envisages to establish a sustainable value for all of its stakeholders. It aims to achieve this mission by the provision of entertaining and innovative gaming solutions to all its customers present across the globe. On the other hand, the mission statements of Fortescue are observed to be objectifying to be the safest, lowest cost and most profitable producer of iron ore in the world. It could be observed that the statements of the mission of both the countries are very contradictory by nature. Aristocrat being a gaming company appears to have an in-depth understanding of what the customers want in the gaming industry and thus, has specific objectives to provide best services its customers by being specific in its technical aspects (Anderson et al., 2015). This company happens to be purely oriented to provide effective services to its customers through its measurable strategies regarding the operation of the gaming technology. Its busine ss operations get reflected from the mission statement of the company; to provide good quality entertaining and innovative solutions to all its customers throughout the world which is very much achievable. Therefore, it can be stated that for establishing a sustainable value to its stakeholders, the company's very much oriented to provide best service to its customers rather than only directing its business towards achieving profit. In the case of Fortescue, it can be observed that the company is very much oriented in obtaining profit from all its business ventures and operation which is not necessarily a negative aspect (Bichet, 2014). The company is also assisting in building a sustainable approach to the extraction of the iron ore through safest and lowest cost means which I relevant from the mission statement of the company. The company is oriented in extracting best outcomes and efforts from the human resources it has for ensuring and maintaining its unique environment and cult ure in resonance with the vision of the company. From this aspect it can be said that Fortescue is much more oriented in making the human resources which is basically the people involved in the business operations of the company, to give their best output in terms of work in their respected fields (Christopher, Laasch Roberts, 2016). Along with providing a sustainable approach to the business operations in the extraction of iron ore, the company is basically looking forward in retrieving the best of everything. The approach of the company is realistic as for an iron ore Extraction Company, the aspect of profitability is a must for the business organization to succeed and sustain in the global market. Being a heavy industry, employing huge labor is mandatory and getting best efforts from them is also realistic. However, the mission approach of the company is more centralized towards itself and not just rendering service back to the society. Comparison of values of the companies Aristocrat happens to value the courage, respect, passion, and integrity of the people along with the talent of the people, creative excellence and advanced technologies which help the company in delivering the best experience of gaming. Aristocrat values these qualities and aspects to the core which makes the company be successful in providing high-quality services to its customers along with supporting the business, people and the communities it is involved in. It can be observed that the values of the company are basically human values oriented which encourage people to get included in its business operations. This provides an amicable feeling and experience to the customers; human resource and stakeholders involve d with the company. On the other hand, the values of Fortescue revolve around the organizational culture that assists the company in taking actions and achieving success (Chance Brooks, 2015). The values of the companies very centralized towards itself, the way it cons iders its human resource as its family and community reflects that the values of the compound are very much oriented in concentrating on itself other than thinking beyond it. This is definitely a time-saving approach that is facilitating the company simply to focus on its operations and success. However, it does not provide any space for the admiration and contribution to the society in general. Corporate Social Responsibility/Sustainability The focus on the corporate social responsibility or sustainable development is vital for every business organization since it contributes to the overall sustainable growth and development of a business entity and it ensures that all the business stakeholders enjoy various social, economic and environmental utility. The Aristocrat Leisure Limited takes necessary steps to support the surrounding community by doing charity work that reflects its business value. All of its 3,200 employees are motivated to contribute in the fundraising activities so that the local community gets benefit from such events. It organises Global Volunteer Week which unites all of its employees to volunteer their skills, effort and time to bring about a positive change in the society. Its strong commitment towards the sustainability performance is also reflected in its socially responsible and ethical approach towards the business processes. It takes part in various energy efficient programs, recycling initiati ves, and proactive models in order to save natural energy and water. It makes investments in the technological aspects so that a responsible gaming system is developed (Glaeser, Stachel Odehnal, 2016). The Fortescue Metals Group Ltd. is another Australian company that takes its corporate social responsibility very seriously. Its commitment towards a sustainable performance is reflected in its focus on promoting a diverse workplace and addressing the various environmental challenges that exist in the current times. It wants to bring about a major change for the Aboriginal population that reside in the Pilbara region (Pettinger, 2013). This aspect of its CRR activity is different from that of Aristocrat firm since the latter focuses on the community around which it operates. The iron ore producer takes part in different volunteer initiatives to promote the highest standards of sustainability performance and it has also joined hands with United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) so that it can make a change in the society. Stakeholders The stakeholders of a business concern form an integral part of the organization since they help in the very existence of the entity. The stakeholders include different parties such as investors, customers, community, employees, government, etc. The Aristocrat Leisure Limited gives due importance to its stakeholders by making an attempt to design the best gaming technologies so that it does not have negative impact on any of them. The business through four different segments including America, Australia and New Zealand, Digital and International Class III and it has been designed in such a way so that it can focus on its stakeholders from different corners of the globe. It focuses on the development and designing aspects of its offerings so that its customers, partners, employees enjoy the simple gaming solutions. The Fortescue Metals Group Ltd. Concern believes in establishing a solid long standing bond with its various stakeholders that exist in the market environment including the customers, government, investors, etc. It values its strong relationship with its key stakeholders and believed in working together so that the operations are managed in a positive manner (Peterson, 2015). Just like its sustainability approach that focuses on the Aboriginal population, the firm places them in a central position of its stakeholder list so that the best opportunities are created for them. The entity believes that with the help of its stakeholders it can contribute to build better communities, protect the surrounding environment and make the Australian economy more robust and healthy. Conclusion The vision and/ or mission statement, values, sustainable approach and stakeholders form an integral part of any business organization that operates in the industry. All these aspects basically help a concern to follow the set framework so that its ultimate objective is achieved in the best way possible. The vision helps it to understand its ultimate objective that it wishes to achieve throughout its existence. The mission statement is created which focuses on the short-term approach that is adopted by the business concern to meet its goal. The corporate social framework acts as a guideline and helps the entity to run its business in the most efficient manner by taking into consideration its economic, social, environmental responsibilities. The organizational stakeholders are the most important segment since they together make up the business concern and help it to have a sustainability growth and development in the uncertain business environment. Thesemanagement aspects of two vital Australian business companies namely Aristocrat Leisure Limited and Fortescue Metals Group Ltd. have been reflected here in a simple manner so that their approach towards these managerial activities can be identified and understood in an effective manner. References Anderson, D.R., Sweeney, D.J., Williams, T.A., Camm, J.D. and Cochran, J.J., 2015. An introduction to management science: quantitative approaches to decision making. Cengage learning. Bichet, D.G., 2014. Section Introduction:Emergent Management of Sodium Disorders. In Endocrine and Metabolic Medical Emergencies: A Clinician's Guide (pp. 337-339). The Endocrine Society. Christopher, E., Laasch, O. and Roberts, J., 2016. New approaches to introduction to management courses. Journal of Management Education, 40(3), pp.359-361. Chance, D.M. and Brooks, R., 2015. Introduction to derivatives and risk management. Cengage Learning. Glaeser, G., Stachel, H. and Odehnal, B., 2016. Introduction. In The Universe of Conics (pp. 1-10). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Pettinger, R., 2013. Introduction to management. Peterson, D.R., 2015. Introduction: heritage management in colonial and contemporary Africa. The politics of heritage in Africa: Economies, histories, and infrastructures. Martin-Albarracin, V.L., Nuez, M.A. and Amico, G.C., 2015. Replacement of native by non-native animal communities assisted by human introduction and management on Isla Victoria, Nahuel Huapi National Park. PeerJ, 3, p.e1328. Suttorp, N., 2014. Introduction: infection management and standard of living. Drug research, 64, pp.S2-S2. Snyder, R.A., 2014. Lets burn them all: Reflections on the learning-inhibitory nature of Introduction to Management and Introduction to Organizational Behavior textbooks. Journal of Management Education, 38(5), pp.733-758. Soederberg, S., 2016. IntroductionRisk Management in Global Capitalism. In Risking Capitalism (pp. 1-20). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. Wilkinson, A., Wood, G. and Demirbag, M., 2015. Erratum: Guest Editors Introduction: People Management and Emerging Market Multinationals. Human Resource Management, 54(1), pp.175-175.

Sigmund Freud Essay Example

Sigmund Freud Essay In the early twentieth century, Freuds contribution in the domain of neurology and psychotherapy changed the worlds perception of the medical scene. Known for his inventive mind and his will power to define the helms of science, Sigmund Freud was a living legend in his own right. He articulated the science behind unconsciousness, repression and infantile sexuality. He went on to discover the tripartite version of the mind and designed various mechanisms and frames that would ultimately help in studying the balance and the psychological development of the human mind. Nearly all of his works exist and are recognizable today. He also had massive influence over the fields of anthropology and semiotics. Apart from being a neurologist and a psychoanalyst, he was a fluid essayist and explained dreams and the discovery of transference. Although there have been countless critics who disowned Freuds work for being highly sexist and unrealistic, there were many positive remarks about his discoveries and some even compared his works to those of Aquinas and Plato. Childhood And Early Life Sigmund Freud was born in the town of Freiburg, Moravia on 6th  May 1856 to Jacob Freud and Amalie, who were Jewish by descent. He was the first of the eight children and that made him a favorite with his parents. Despite being wool merchants, the Freud family was fairly impoverished. From a very young age, Junior Freud was always displeased with the fact that he was born a Jew and did not pay too much respect to his religious practices. Freud’s parents decided to give the boy schooling and a good education but eventually move to Vienna after suffering huge business losses. We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sigmund Freud enrolled at a school in 1865 and later, went on to graduate from Matura in 1873 with accolades and recognition from the institute. Freud took a particular liking towards language and literature and was already a multi-linguist at an early age. He could proficiently converse, read and write in a variety of languages such as Italian, Spanish, German, French and Hebrew to name a few. He was greatly moved and influenced by the works of Shakespeare and this is how he was said to have inculcated an interest for psychology from a tender age. The underlying concepts and theories of Shakespearean plays got him to ponder over various aspects that he would later identify and relate to psychology. At the age of 17, he enrolled at the University of Vienna where he studied medical sciences under prominent names such as Karl Claus, Ernst Brucke and Franz Brentano. Zoology, physiology and philosophy became an inevitable part of his life. He enjoyed science and acquired a taste for Zoology after dissecting a couple of Eels at his research station situated in Trieste. He successfully graduated from the University of Vienna in the year 1881, and went on to begin his career. Career His career commenced with the â€Å"Theodor Meynert† psychiatric clinic at Vienne Hospital right after he graduated with an MD. After a brief stint at the general hospital, he decided to start his own venture that focused primarily on ‘mental and nervous disorders’. Freud had studied ‘hypnosis and psychopathology’ in the year 1885 and he began to practice the art of ‘hypnosis’ on his patients in his clinic. He was greatly influenced by the methods used by his former colleague and friend Joseph Breuer in the process of hypnotism. He successfully administered hypnosis on one of his celebrated patients known as ‘Anna O’. History states that Freud was able to cure her of her mental illness while setting her in a state of trance and getting her to talk about her illness. Following this success, Freud often practiced hypnotism on his patients and got his patients to talk freely on anything that crossed their mind during the hypnotic process. This sort of practice would later be known as ‘the free association’ method. By 1896, Freud discovered a more complex system of studying a psychotic condition and the complex structure of brain material during a patient’s dream. He coined a new word called ‘psychoanalysis’ and went on to establish new clinical practices and theories in this year. Freud defied all norms of science and studied repressed sexual thoughts that occurred in children which led to a new theory based on infantile sexuality known as ‘Freud’s seduction theory’. He believed that the repressed fantasies and sexual thoughts at a young age were responsible in the aggravation of another mental condition called ‘neurosis’. At a time when Freud was discovering these theories, he went into a state of great depression, and even faced a personal loss of his father’s death the subsequent year. This led him to believe in superstitious omens and believing that he would die at the age of 51, Freud explored his own childhood and some of his deep, dark memories in the form of dreams. Owing to this ‘self-analysis’ he remembered seeing his mother nude once and that caused him to develop sexual feelings towards his mother. He published a detailed ‘Interpretation of Dreams’ in the winter of 1899. Most of his theories post ‘self-analysis’ began to take a more sexist form and he faced countless cruelty from pupils of other departments of sciences. Later, a small group of Viennese physicians slowly began to admire Freud’s work and were instrumental in his promotion to professor at the University. His second publication was also produced around this time known as the ‘Jokes and their Relation to the Unconsciousness† in the year 1905. Many of Freud’s students went on to translate Freudian works in different parts of the world that attracted widespread media interest and also caused a breakthrough in the field of Psychoanalysis in the United States of American. One of the close followers of Freud, called Jung, began to devise his own concepts and theories of Psychology, a little different from Freudian concepts, and he went on to launch it as analytical psychology. Later Years In 1930, Freud was awarded with the coveted Goethe Prize for his significant contributions to German medicine, literature and psychology. After the invasion of the Nazi’s in Germany, Hitler and his ‘Reich’, who were purely anti-Freudian, destroyed all his works, collections and books. Although the Nazi threat began to grow, Freud decided to stay on in the country before Ernest Jones, then president of The International Psychoanalytical Association (IPA), persuaded him to go to England. Although Freud decided to leave, he was stalled by the Nazi Reich. After much persuasion and deliberation, he was finally allowed to leave on the Orient Express on the 6 June 1938. Personal Life Sigmund Freud married Martha Bernays, the granddaughter of a Rabbi, in 1886. Although accused of having an extra marital affair with his sister-in-law, Minna Bernays, he went on to have six children with his wife in the subsequent years. Freud was said to have fought a long battle with cancer which he detected as Leukoplakia in 1923. Although he declared it benign, the tumor was actually malignant and worsened during his career. He wasn’t told that he had cancer, but he eventually faced the fact. He was under tremendous stress because of Nazis, and the death of his four beloved sisters at various Nazi Concentration camps during the Holocaust only made things worse for him. Death And Legacy Towards the end of his life, Freud persuaded his doctor to help him die. After the family decided that it would be pointless to watch him suffer with cancer, they put an end to his misery with substantial doses of morphine. Thus, Sigmund Freud perished on 23rd  September 1939, and was cremated three days later. Although his theories were some of the most complex to crack during his time and age, many followers agreed that they were highly testable and theories on psychoanalysis could never be proved wrong. Some of his famous works related to paranoia, unconsciousness, repressed sexuality, verbal psychotherapy, the libido, the pleasure principle, displacement of ego principles and his theories of psychological sexual development took the world by a storm and still studied under modern psychological aspects. ttp://www. thefamouspeople. com/profiles/sigmund-freud-425. php The work of Sigmund Freud, the Austrian founder of psychoanalysis, marked the beginning of a modern, dynamic psychology by providing the first well-organized explanation of the inner mental forces determining human behavior. Freuds early life Sigmund Freud was born on May 6, 1856, in Freiberg, Moravia (now Czech Republic). Sigmund was t he first child of his twice-widowed fathers third marriage. His mother, Amalia Nathanson, was nineteen years old when she married Jacob Freud, aged thirty-nine. Sigmunds two stepbrothers from his fathers first marriage were approximately the same age as his mother, and his older stepbrothers son, Sigmunds nephew, was his earliest playmate. Thus, the boy grew up in an unusual family structure, his mother halfway in age between himself and his father. Though seven younger children were born, Sigmund always remained his mothers favorite. When he was four, the family moved to Vienna (now the capital of Austria), the capital city of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy (the complete rule of Central Europe by Hungary and Austria from 1867 to 1918). Freud would live in Vienna until the year before his death. Youth in Vienna Because the Freuds were Jewish, Sigmunds early experience was that of an outsider in an overwhelmingly Catholic community. However, Emperor Francis Joseph (1830–1916) had liberated the Jews of Austria, giving them equal rights and permitting them to settle anywhere in the empire. Many Jewish families came to Vienna, as did the Freuds in 1860, where the standard of living was higher and educational and professional opportunities were better than in the provinces. They lived in an area that had a high concentration of Jewish people, called the Leopoldstadt slum. The housing was cramped and they had to move often, sometimes living with his fathers family. By his tenth year, Sigmunds family had grown and he had five sisters and one brother. Freud went to the local elementary school, then attended the Sperl Gymnasium (a secondary school in Europe that students attend to prepare for college) in Leopoldstadt, from 1866 to 1873. He studied Greek and Latin, mathematics, history, and the natural sciences, and was a superior student. He passed his final examination with flying colors, qualifying to enter the University of Vienna at the age of seventeen. His family had recognized his special scholarly gifts from the beginning, and although they had only four bedrooms for eight people, Sigmund had his own room throughout his school days. He lived with his parents until he was twenty-seven, as was the custom at that time. Pre-psychoanalytic work Freud enrolled in medical school in 1873. Vienna had become the world capital of medicine, and the young student was initially attracted to the laboratory and the scientific side of medicine rather than clinical practice. He spent seven instead of the usual five years acquiring his doctorate. Freud received his doctor of medicine degree at the age of twenty-four. He fell in love and wanted to marry, but the salaries available to a young scientist could not support a wife and family. He had met Martha Bernays, the daughter of a well-known Hamburg family, when he was twenty-six; they were engaged two months later. They were separated during most of the four years which preceded their marriage, and married in 1887. Of their six children, a daughter, Anna, would become one of her fathers most famous followers. Freud spent three years as a resident physician in the famous Allgemeine Krankenhaus, a general hospital and the medical center of Vienna. He spent five months in the psychiatry (the area of medicine involving emotional and mental health) department headed by Theodor Meynert. Psychiatry at this time was rigid and descriptive. The psychological meaning of behavior was not itself considered important; behavior was only a set of symptoms to be studied in order to understand the structures of the brain. Freuds later work changed this attitude. Freud, during the last part of his residency, received some money to pursue his neurological (having to do with the nervous system) studies abroad. He spent four months at the Salpetriere clinic in Paris, France, studying under the neurologist (a person who studies the nervous system and treats people with neurological problems) Jean Martin Charcot (1825–1893). Here, Freud first became interested in hysteria (an illness in which a person complains of physical symptoms without a medical cause) and Charcots demonstration of its psychological origins. Beginning of psychoanalysis Freud returned to Vienna, established himself in the private practice of neurology, and married. He soon devoted his efforts to the treatment of hysterical patients with the help of hypnosis (the act of bringing about a change in a persons attention which results in a change in their bodily experiences), a technique he had studied under Charcot. Joseph Breuer (1857–1939), an older colleague (a partner or an associate in the same area of interest), told Freud about a hysterical patient whom he had treated successfully by hypnotizing her and then tracing her symptoms back to traumatic (emotionally stressful) events she had experienced at her fathers deathbed. Breuer called his treatment catharsis and traced its effectiveness to the release of pent-up emotions. Freuds experiments with Breuers technique were successful. Together with Breuer he published  Studies on Hysteria  (1895). At the age of thirty-nine Freud first used the term psychoanalysis, (a way to treat certain mental illnesses by exposing and discussing a patients unconscious thoughts and feelings) and his major lifework was well under way. At about this time Freud began a unique project, his own self-analysis (the act of studying or examining oneself), which he pursued primarily by analyzing his dreams. A major scientific result was  The Interpretation of Dreams  (1901). By the turn of the century Freud had developed his therapeutic (having to do with treating a mental or physical disability) technique, dropping the use of hypnosis and shifting to the more effective and more widely applicable method of free association. Development of psychoanalysis Following Freuds work on dreams, he wrote a series of papers in which he explored the influence of unconscious thought processes Sigmund Freud. Courtesy of the Library of Congress . on various aspects of human behavior. He recognized that the most powerful among the unconscious forces, which lead to neuroses (mental disorders), are the sexual desires of early childhood that have been shut out from conscious awareness, yet have preserved their powerful force within the personality. He described his highly debatable views concerning the early experiences of sexuality in  Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality  (1905), a work that first met violent protest, but was gradually accepted by practically all schools of psychology (the area of science involving the study of the mind). After 1902 Freud gathered a small group of interested colleagues on Wednesday evenings for presentation of psychoanalytic papers and discussion. This was the beginning of the psychoanalytic movement. Swiss psychiatrists Eugen Bleuler and Carl Jung (1875–1961) formed a study group in Zurich in 1907, and the first International Psychoanalytic Congress was held in Salzburg in 1908. Later years In 1923 Freud developed a cancerous (having to do with cancer cells that attack the healthy tissues of the body) growth in his mouth, which eventually led to his death sixteen years and thirty-three operations later. In spite of this, these were years of great scientific productivity. He published findings on the importance of aggressive as well as sexual drives (  Beyond the Pleasure Principle,  1920); developed a new theoretical framework in order to organize his new data concerning the structure of the mind (  The Ego and the Id,  1923); and revised his theory of anxiety to show it as the signal of danger coming from unconscious fantasies, rather than the result of repressed sexual feelings (  Inhibitions, Symptoms and Anxiety,  1926). In March 1938 Austria was occupied by German troops, and that month Freud and his family were put under house arrest. Through the combined efforts of many influential friends who were well connected politically, the Freuds were permitted to leave Austria in June. Freud spent his last year in London, England, undergoing surgery. He died on September 23, 1939. The influence of his discoveries on the science and culture of the twentieth century is limitless. Read more:  http://www. notablebiographies. om/Fi-Gi/Freud-Sigmund. html#b#ixzz2HjVRqiG5 http://www. freudfile. org/biography. html Early work Freud began his study of medicine at the University of Vienna in 1873. [83]  He took almost nine years to complete his studies, due to his interest in neurophysiological research, specifically investigation of the sexual anatomy of eels and the physiology of the fish nervous system. He entered private practice in neurology for financial reasons, receiving his M. D. degree in 1881 at the a ge of 25. 84]  He was also an early researcher in the field of cerebral palsy, which was then known as cerebral paralysis. He published several medical papers on the topic, and showed that the disease existed long before other researchers of the period began to notice and study it. He also suggested that  William Little, the man who first identified cerebral palsy, was wrong about lack ofoxygen  during birth being a cause. Instead, he suggested that complications in birth were only a symptom. Freud hoped that his research would provide a solid scientific basis for his therapeutic technique. The goal of Freudian therapy, or psychoanalysis, was to bring repressed thoughts and feelings into  consciousness  in order to free the patient from suffering repetitive distorted emotions. Classically, the bringing of unconscious thoughts and feelings to consciousness is brought about by encouraging a patient to talk about dreams and engage in free association, in which patients report their thoughts without reservation and make no attempt to concentrate while doing so. 85]  Another important element of psychoanalysis is  transference, the process by which patients displace on to their analysts feelings and ideas which derive from previous figures in their lives. Transference was first seen as a regrettable phenomenon that interfered with the recovery of repressed memories and disturbed patients objectivity, but by 1912 Freud had come to see it as an essential part of the ther apeutic process. [86] The origin of Freuds early work with psychoanalysis can be linked to Josef Breuer. Freud credited Breuer with opening the way to the discovery of the psychoanalytical method by his treatment of the case of  Anna O. In November 1880, Breuer was called in to treat a highly intelligent 21-year-old woman (Bertha Pappenheim) for a persistent cough that he diagnosed as hysterical. He found that while nursing her dying father, she had developed a number of transitory symptoms, including visual disorders and paralysis and contractures of limbs, which he also diagnosed as hysterical. Breuer began to see his patient almost every day as the symptoms increased and became more persistent, and observed that she entered states of  absence. He found that when, with his encouragement, she told fantasy stories in her evening states of  absence  her condition improved, and most of her symptoms had disappeared by April 1881. However, following the death of her father in that month her condition deteriorated again. Breuer recorded that some of the symptoms eventually remitted spontaneously, and that full recovery was achieved by inducing her to recall events that had precipitated the occurrence of a specific symptom. 87]  In the years immediately following Breuers treatment, Anna O. spent three short periods in sanatoria with the diagnosis hysteria with somatic symptoms,[88]  and some authors have challenged Breuers published account of a cure. [89][90][91]  Richard Skues rejects this interpretation, which he sees as stemming from both Freudian and anti-psychoana lytical revisionism, that regards both Breuers narrative of the case as unreliable and his treatment of Anna O. as a failure. 92] In the early 1890s Freud used a form of treatment based on the one that Breuer had described to him, modified by what he called his pressure technique and his newly developed analytic technique of interpretation and reconstruction. According to Freuds later accounts of this period, as a result of his use of this procedure most of his patients in the mid-1890s reported early childhood sexual abuse. He believed these stories, but then came to believe that they were fantasies. He explained these at first as having the function of fending off memories of infantile masturbation, but in later years he wrote that they represented Oedipal fantasies. [93] Another version of events focuses on Freuds proposing that unconscious memories of infantile sexual abuse were at the root of the psychoneuroses in letters to Fliess in October 1895, before he reported that he had actually discovered such abuse among his patients. 94]  In the first half of 1896 Freud published three papers stating that he had uncovered, in all of his current patients, deeply repressed memories of sexual abuse in early childhood. [95]  In these papers Freud recorded that his patients were not consciously aware of these memories, and must therefore be present asunconscious memories  if they were to result in hysterical symptoms or obsessional neurosis. The patients were subjected to considerable pressure to reproduce infantile sexual abuse scenes that Freud was convinced had been repressed into the unconscious. 96]  Patients were generally unconvinced that their experiences of Freuds clinical procedure indicated actual sexual abuse. He reported that even after a supposed reproduction of sexual scenes the patients assured him emphatically of their disbelief. [97] As well as his pressure technique, Freuds clinical procedures involved analytic inference and the symbolic interpretation of symptoms to trace back to memories of infantile sexual abuse. [98]  His claim of one hundred percent confirmation of his theory only served to reinforce previously expressed eservations from his colleagues about the validity of findings obtained through his suggestive techniques. [99] The unconscious Main article:  Unconscious mind The concept of the unconscious was central to Freuds account of the mind. Freud believed that while poets and thinkers had long known of the existence of the unconscious, he had ensured that it received scientific recognition in the field of psychology. However, the concept made an informal appearance in Freuds writings. It was first introduced in connection with the phenomenon of repression, to explain what happens to ideas that are repressed; Freud stated explicitly that the concept of the unconscious was based on the theory of repression. He postulated a cycle in which ideas are repressed, but remain in the mind, removed from consciousness yet operative, then reappear in consciousness under certain circumstances. The postulate was based upon the investigation of cases of traumatic hysteria, which revealed cases where the behavior of patients could not be explained without reference to ideas or thoughts of which they had no awareness. This fact, combined with the observation that such behavior could be artificially induced by hypnosis, in which ideas were inserted into peoples minds, suggested that ideas were operative in the original cases, even though their subjects knew nothing of them. Freud, like Breuer, found the hypothesis that hysterical manifestations were generated by ideas to be not only warranted, but given in observation. Disagreement between them arose, however, when they attempted to give causal explanations of their data: Breuer favored a hypothesis of hypnoid states, while Freud postulated the mechanism of defense. Richard Wollheim  comments that given the close correspondence between hysteria and the results of hypnosis, Breuers hypothesis appears more plausible, and that it is only when repression is taken into account that Freuds hypothesis becomes preferable. [108] Freud originally allowed that repression might be a conscious process, but by the time he wrote his second paper on the Neuro-Psychoses of Defence (1896), he apparently believed that repression, which he referred to as the psychical mechanism of (unconscious) defence, occurred on an unconscious level. Freud further developed his theories about the unconscious in  The Interpretation of Dreams  (1899) and in  Jokes and their Relation to the Unconscious  (1905), where he dealt with condensation and displacement as inherent characteristics of unconscious mental activity. Freud presented his first systematic statement of his hypotheses about unconscious mental processes in 1912, in response to an invitation from the London Society of Psychical Research to contribute to its  Proceedings. Freud in 1915 expanded that statement into a more ambitious metapsychological paper entitled The Unconscious. In both these papers, when Freud tried to distinguish between his conception of the unconscious and those that predated psychoanalysis, he found it in his postulation of ideas that are simultaneously latent and operative. [108] Dreams Main article:  Dream Freud believed that the function of dreams is to preserve sleep by representing as fulfilled wishes that would otherwise awaken th e dreamer. [109] [edit]Psychosexual development Main article:  Psychosexual development Freud hoped to prove that his model was universally valid and thus turned to ancient  mythology  and contemporary ethnography for comparative material. Freud named his new theory the  Oedipus complex  after the famous  Greek tragedy  Oedipus Rex  by  Sophocles. I found in myself a constant love for my mother, and jealousy of my father. I now consider this to be a universal event in childhood, Freud said. Freud sought to anchor this pattern of development in the dynamics of the mind. Each stage is a progression into adult sexual maturity, characterized by a strong ego and the ability to delay gratification (cf. Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality). He used the Oedipus conflict to point out how much he believed that people desire  incest  and must repress that desire. The Oedipus conflict was described as a state of psychosexual development and awareness. He also turned to  anthropological  studies of  totemism  and argued that totemism reflected a ritualized enactment of a tribal Oedipal conflict. [110]  Freud also believed that the Oedipus complex was bisexual, involving an attraction to both parents. [111] Traditional accounts have held that, as a result of frequent reports from his patients, in the mid-1890s Freud posited that psychoneuroses were a consequence of early childhood sexual abuse. [112]  More specifically, in three papers published in 1896 he contended hat  unconscious memories  of sexual abuse in infancy are a necessary precondition for the development of adult psychoneuroses. However, examination of Freuds original papers has revealed that his clinical claims were not based on patients reports but were findings deriving from his analytical clinical methodology, which at that time included coercive procedures. [113 ][114][115][116][117]  He privately expressed his loss of faith in the theory to his friend Fliess in September 1897, giving several reasons, including that he had not been able to bring a single case to a successful conclusion. 118]  In 1906, while still maintaining that his earlier claims to have uncovered early childhood sexual abuse events remained valid, he postulated a new theory of the occurrence of unconscious infantile fantasies. [119]  He had incorporated his notions of unconscious fantasies in  The Interpretation of Dreams  (1899), but did not explicitly relate his seduction theory claims to the Oedipus theory until 1925. [120]  Notwithstanding his abandonment of the seduction theory, Freud always recognized that some neurotics had experienced childhood sexual abuse. Freud also believed that the libido developed in individuals by changing its object, a process codified by the concept of  sublimation. He argued that humans are born polymorphously perverse, meaning that any number of objects could be a source of pleasure. He further argued that, as humans develop, they become fixated on different and specific objects through their stages of development—first in the  oral stage  (exemplified by an infants pleasure in nursing), then in the  anal stage  (exemplified by a toddlers pleasure in evacuating his or her bowels), then in the  phallic stage. In the latter stage, Freud contended, male infants become fixated on the mother as a sexual object (known as the Oedipus Complex), a phase brought to an end by threats of castration, resulting in the  castration complex, the severest trauma in his young life. [121]  (In his later writings Freud postulated an equivalent Oedipus situation for infant girls, the sexual fixation being on the father. Though not advocated by Freud himself, the term Electra complex is sometimes used in this context. )[122]  The repressive or dormant  latency stage  of psychosexual development preceded the sexually mature  genital stage  of psychosexual development. The child needs to receive the proper amount of satisfaction at any given stage in order to move on easily to the next stage of development; under or over gratification can lead to a fixation at that stage, which could cause a regression back to that stage later in life. [123] Freud felt that masturbation was unwise and harmful. He and his colleague Fliess wrote about the topic during a period in which views on the topic were becoming more liberal due to the influence of doctors such as Havelock Ellis. Freud remained an opponent of masturbation, seeing it as having partially caused the neuroses. He stated a priori  one is forced to oppose the assertion that masturbation has to be harmless; on the contrary there must be cases in which masturbation is harmful. Since the aetiology of the neuroses is given by way of the conflict between infantile sexuality and the opposition of the ego (repression) masturbation, which is only an executive of infantile sexuality, cannot  a priori  be presented as harmless. [124] [edit]Id, ego and super-ego Main article:  Id, ego and super-ego In his later work, Freud proposed that the human psyche could be divided into three parts: Id, ego and super-ego. Freud discussed this model in the 1920 essay  Beyond the Pleasure Principle, and fully elaborated upon it in  The Ego and the Id  (1923), in which he developed it as an alternative to his previous topographic schema (i. e. , conscious, unconscious and preconscious). The id is the completely unconscious, impulsive, childlike portion of the psyche that operates on the pleasure principle and is the source of basic impulses and drives; it seeks immediate pleasure and gratification. [123] Freud acknowledged that his use of the term  Id  (das Es, the It) derives from the writings of  Georg Groddeck. 125]  The super-ego is the moral component of the psyche, which takes into account no special circumstances in which the morally right thing may not be right for a given situation. The rational ego attempts to exact a balance between the impractical  hedonism  of the id and the equally impractical moralism of the super-ego; it is the part of the psyche that is usually reflecte d most directly in a persons actions. When overburdened or threatened by its tasks, it may employdefense mechanisms  including  denial,  repression, and  displacement. This concept is usually represented by the Iceberg Model. 126]  This model represents the roles the Id, Ego, and Super Ego play in relation to conscious and unconscious thought. Freud compared the relationship between the ego and the id to that between a charioteer and his horses: the horses provide the energy and drive, while the charioteer provides direction. [123] [edit]Life and death drives Main articles:  Libido  and  Death drive Freud believed that people are driven by two conflicting central desires: the life drive (libido or Eros) (survival, propagation, hunger, thirst, and sex) and the death drive. The Sigmund Freud Essay Example Sigmund Freud Essay After years of observation and the discovery of an alternate domain of human unconscious, the renowned psychologist Sigmund Freud decided to take a chance and appeared before medical professionals to tell them what he had discovered.   He modestly revealed some facts that would continuously occur in his patients’ dreams and awaited his colleagues’ acceptance.   This acceptance did not surface; rather Freud’s colleagues found extreme humor in his concepts and then labeled him as a crank.   The words â€Å"dream interpreation,†Ã‚   a phrase coined by Freud are still met with skepticism.   â€Å"They remind one of all sorts of childish, superstitious notions†Ã‚   and those who believe that these mental pictures have meaning are often met with an opposing view.  Ã‚   (Freud Tridon, 1920, p. 2) Dreams and their relationship with mental functioning is a study that challenges professionals and the inability to thoroughly study these unconcious occurances has led many researchers to deem them â€Å"random neuro activity.†Ã‚   (Franklin Zyphur, 2005)  Ã‚   However, looking at the characteristics of dreams it is not surprising that some professionals take this stance.   We all have different experiences when dreaming, for example, some have dreams that are filled with vivid imagry and emotional intensity, others have dreams that contain confusing events, while many experience smooth story lines.   Many individuals can control their dreams while others are merely by standers.   It is this variation of experiences that feeds the view opposing the psychological importance of dreaming.   (Franklin Zyphur, 2005) We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Sigmund Freud specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Sigmund Freud, often called father of Psychology, opened the door to the study of dreams during his career.   As he delved into the research prior to his studies he found of course the medical theories that defined dreaming as merely a physical reaction without any psychological meaning as well as the various superstitious theories.   After spending a lengthy amount of time studying the dreaming process he came to believe that â€Å"the popular view grounded in superstition, and not the medical one, comes nearer to the truth about dreams.†Ã‚   (Freud Tridon, 1920, p. 9) Freud believed that dreams were the attempt of the unconscious to forcefully impose its desires on the upper consciousness and that these mental pictures are vehicles of the human thoughts and desires.   (Pillsbury, 1927, p. 448)   Sigmund also believed that dreams could be interpeted and that this process could be difficult because the desire could be expressed directly or in reverse as well and mean something different than what it might seem.   (Pillsbury, 1927, p. 450)   Because Freud believed that the dreamer was not often aware of the dream’s meaning and that often events of the dream were confusing. Interpretation could take place if you â€Å"break up the dream into its elements† and â€Å"search out the ideas that link themselves to each format.†Ã‚   (Freud Tridon, 1920, p. 11) Carl Gustav Jung, another psychologist who actively persued the study of dreams,   conducted his research under Sigmund Freud until their opposing views caused tension within their relationship and they parted ways.   Jung believed that dreams were a â€Å"manifestation of psychic activity† and that they should â€Å"be regarded with due seriousness as an actuality that has to be fitted into the conscious attitude as a codetermining factor.†Ã‚   (Fordham, 2002)   Jung’s theory was similar to Freud’s however the ultimate difference was that Carl saw the unconcious as spiritual.   Identical to Freud, Jung believed that dreams were not entirely cut off from our consciousness and that dreams have â€Å"their origin in the impressions, thoughts and moods of the preceding day or days.†Ã‚   (Jung, 2001, p. 26) Jung took his theory of the psychology of dreams to another level, however.   He believed that even though dreams surfaced from a past experience that they also have a â€Å"continuity forwards.†Ã‚   In other words, dreams â€Å"exert a remarkable influence on the concious mental life even of persons who cannot be considered superstitious or particularly abnormal.†Ã‚   (Jung, 2001, p. 26) Carl believed that dreams were difficult to understand because they express themselves in symbols and imagry and he developed a method of interpretation in an attempt to understand the â€Å"dream language.†Ã‚   (Fordham, 2002)   The first step to interpreting the psychological meaning of a dream in Jung’s theory was to establish the context, or discover the significance of the images presented and the relationship with the dreamer’s life.   Each image must be carefully studied and associated with the dreamer as nearly as possible before the dreamer is in a position to fully understand what the dream might mean.   A series of dreams offers a more satifactory interpretation than a single dream, as the important images are identified by their reptition and any mistakes can be corrected when the next dream manifests.   Jung believed that every dream should be taken as â€Å"a direct expression of the dreamer’s unconscious, and only to be understood i n this light.†Ã‚   (Fordham, 2002) Research has been conducted since Freud and Jung created their original theories that support the fact that dreams are a state of consciousness that has continued throughout the development of the human species; therefore, this process is a necessary aspect to the human congnitive development. (Franklin Zyphur, 2005)   Though contemporary research exists, the theory developed by Sigmund Freud in the early 1900s holds true.   In his book The Interpretation of Dreams Freud stated in its opening that dreams were â€Å"a psychological structure, full of significance, and one which may be assigned to a specific place in the psychic activities of the waking state.†Ã‚   (Freud, The Interpretation of Dreams, 1931) Sleep is made up of â€Å"behavioral, functional, physiologic and electrophysiologic traits.†Ã‚   (McNamara, 2004)   The human body has a biological need for sleep and the physical process of sleep takes place through stages.   This need accumulates the longer we are awake and can also be determined by the amount of energy used while we are awake.   The process of sleep begins with the body’s signal that sleep is required, this signal is realized when the brain releases a neurochemical substance.   Once asleep the next cycle is activated, which is the control function that allows the human body to alternate between REM and NREM sleep stages.   Upon sleep, an adult will usually experience sleep onset through NREM and sleep offset through REM.   The NREM predominates the first third of the night and REM predominates the last third of the night.   (McNamara, 2004) Researchers have attempted to study the brain’s physiological reaction during the act of sleep through a variety of methods, many of which set out to prove that dreaming was merely the body’s reaction to specific chemical and brain activity.   The EEG and the H2150 PET scan have been used to measure brain activity during the process of sleep and scientists have determined the brain’s physcial reaction as it transitions to REM sleep as well as other stages.   While dreaming, the brain is controlled by the â€Å"meditating influence of the cholinergic system.†Ã‚   (Barbee nd, p. 2)  Ã‚   Researchers were also able to determine that the visuo-motor systems were activated as well as the limbic system. (Barbee nd, p. 2)  Ã‚   Even though these studies proved the brain’s physical reaction to the stages of sleep, it was determined that the â€Å"mind is a mysterious dimension of the self and when coupled with biochemical fulctuations and alteratio ns it becomes an unfamiliar domain.†Ã‚   (Barbee nd, p. 2) Antti Revonsuo’s hypothesis about the psychology of dreaming is that â€Å"Dreaming is a state of consciousness consisting of complex sequences of subjective experience during sleep.†Ã‚   (Revonsuo Valli, 2000)   He believes that the biological function of dreaming, when experiencing nightmares, is the human’s ability to simulate threatening events and repeatedly rehearse the threat perception and avoidance responses.   In other words, we choose threatening waking events and rehearse these events again and again – even years after the original trauma was first experienced.  Ã‚   (Revonsuo Valli, 2000)   Revonsuo performed and in depth study of 52 students that produced 592 dream reports that were created and analyzed in two stages.   Upon completion of the study he concluded that his theory of nightmares was correct.   He also concluded that â€Å"dreaming as a phenomenal experience causually contributes to a complex biological process.†Ã‚   (Revonsuo Valli, 2000) Dream psychologists N. H. Pronko and J. W. Bowles believe that dreams are images that are â€Å"being constantly replenished from current experience.†Ã‚   (Pronko Bowles, 1999, p. 4)   This replenishing process is unobserved in the dream state and is illustrated by the fact that dreams reproduce elements of our own experiences.   Bowles and Pronko believe that in infancy we learn to define our lives through the rapid accumulation of images coupled with emotions.   Through this process we develop the tendency to â€Å"create dramatic situations which express past emotional situations.†Ã‚   (Pronko Bowles, 1999, p. 20)   Nightmares are merely the expression of someone who disregards anxiety in the waking world.   If a person ignores anxiety issues while awake, then upon sleep the â€Å"emotions we can not project meet us in dreams.†Ã‚   (Pronko Bowles, 1999, p. 32) Many theories surrounding dreams exist and those supporting the psychological importance of dreams are contemporary theories built upon the foundation of psychologists such as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung.   These studies have sparked many others that focus on the physiological reaction of the brain during the dreaming state and though a physical reaction can be found within the human brain while sleep and dreaming occurs – researchers can not say for certain that dreams are merely a manifestation of some physiological experience.   The study of dreams must continue as evidence exists that provides proof of the fact that dreams are a key to our mind’s unconcious state.   Sigmund Freud stated in his book The Interpretation of Dreams, â€Å"If I were asked what is the theoretical value of the study of dreams, I should reply that it lies in the additions to psychological knowledge and the beginnings of an understanding to the neuroses which we thereby obtain.†Ã ‚   (Freud, 1931, p. 325)

Strategy for Entering and Developing International Markets Mokate Poland free essay sample

She changed both the company name to MOKATE (from the first letters- MOkrysz KAzimierz, TEresa) and the main activity of her company which from that moment was manufacturing of powder coffee creamers. The mile stone for the company turned out in 1992 when Mokate launched on a market innovative at that time product: Mokate Cappuccino Coffee. Two years later Mokate Cappuccino became a leader on the market of cappuccino instant coffees and nowadays has 80% market share on this market in Poland. 1. Mokate Cappuccino Source: http://rynekfmcg. om. pl/nowa-linia-mokate-cappuccino/ In 1994 Mokate begun exporting of its products to neighbor countries. The growing demand on local and foreign markets forced company to build new headquarter with bigger plant, more warehouses and offices. After opening new manufacture the production increased twice and in Mokate product portfolio there were already more than 10 items. In the course of time there appeared again a need to extend product line. We will write a custom essay sample on Strategy for Entering and Developing International Markets Mokate Poland or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page New one, more modern and technical advanced manufacture enabled Mokate to produce more and faster. Mokate product range had 200 items which were selling in 30 countries. The next very important moment for Mokate was in 2000 when it decided to build a 12-floor â€Å"tower† to product powdered cream by oneself. MOKATE didn’t have to buy imported whiteners and frothers anymore. What’s more Mokate begun to be supplier of these products both in Poland and abroad. The company was still fast-growing and gaining more market share. In 2002 Mokate acquired one of the biggest tee producers in Poland: Consumer. After this transaction Mokate was controlling 18% of the polish tee market. The total sales increased to 80 Million Euro and the number of employees to more than 1000. In 2005 Mokate made another one acquisition. This time it bought Czech well-known producer of tee DUKATA from Zilin which was also the owner of very strong brand Dukata. Later in 2006 Mokate took over TIMEX, the leader on Czech instant products market what consequently gave Mokate a position of a leader in Czech Republic as well. In 2009 Mokate became the owner of one additional Czech company: MERILLA- producer of ground coffee, beans coffee and sweets. In 2007 export has reached a 40% of total sales which was 100 Million Euros in the end of a year. Mokate was selling its whiteners and frothers in 60 countries all over the world, and the amount of employees raised to 1200 people. Nowadays Mokate Group is created by 9 companies within 6 are located abroad. Mokate is still a leader on an instant cappuccino market in Poland and the second player on the tee domestic market. 7% of total sales comes from export and the turnover of the group has crossed half one billion zlotys. In 9 out of 10 shops in Poland there is sold at least one product of Mokate. Since 2011 Mokate is also exclusive distributor of Lavazza coffee on domestic market. 2. Mokate Group structure [pic] Product portfolio Mokate has a wide product range. Within we can find: †¢ coffees †¢ tees †¢ creamers †¢ cocoa †¢ drinking c hocolate †¢ intermediates (for B2B clients) 3. Mokate coffees | | |Mokate cappuccino |Coffee mixes | | | | |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Natural coffees |Instant coffee | | | | |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Chicory coffee | | | | | |[pic] | | 4. Mokate tees | | | |Minutka |Loyd Tea | | | |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Grandma Jagoda |Loyd Tea Mulled | |[pic] | | | |[pic] | | | | |Dieta Fit |Other | |[pic] |[pic] | 5. Mokate creamers | | |Carmen Classic |Carmen Fit with Fibre | |[pic] |[pic] | | | | |Carmen Light | | |[pic] | | 6. Mokate cocoa | | | |Dutch cocoa |Tigo cocoa | |[pic] |[pic] | 7. Mokate drinking chocolate | | |Mokate Delicious Dark |Mokate Delicious Milk | | | | |[pic] |[pic] | Most of the products is sold below manufacturer’s Brand (e. g. Mokate, Tigo, Minutka) but the company sells also its product using private branding (e. g. Herbal Time for Biedronka markets in Poland). 8. Herbal Time as an example of Mokate private branding [pic] In the company responsibility for export has Mokate Export Department and Food Ingriedients Business Unit is in charge of exporting rough products. All products are manufactured using new technologies and saving high standards. Because of this fact Mokate received following certificates: †¢ HACCP- Hazard analysis and critical control points †¢ IQNet Certificate †¢ Quality Certificate ISO 9001 †¢ Products safety Certificate ISO 22000 3 Internationalization of internal value chain Activities of Mokate Company on a domestic and foreign markets: †¢ Acquiring of raw materials †¢ Product design †¢ Manufacturing †¢ B2B sales (raw materials) Marketing activities aimed at corporate clients (trade fairs, product catalogues, promotion on website) †¢ Marketing activities aimed to consumers (advertisement in mass media, direct marketing) †¢ Transportation †¢ Storing †¢ Marketing research †¢ After sale service Activities which Mokate outsources on a domestic and foreign markets: †¢ Design and production of packages (only on domestic market) †¢ Acquiring of raw materials †¢ Sales to end users †¢ Transport and storing †¢ Advertising campaigns 4 Internationalization According Mokate Company there were a number of favorable factors of internationalization. Internal factors: †¢ Growth and profit goals †¢ Economies of scale †¢ Willingness to use experience of managers gained on foreign markets External factors: Limited possibility of development on a domestic market †¢ Access to resources which are unavailable on a domestic market In Mokate the internationalization occurred in 1994 when the company started to export its products first to neighbor countries (Czech Republic, Slovakia) and later to another 10 countries. In 1998 Mokate products were available in more than 30 foreign markets and from 2001 the producer was exporting its items to all continents all over the world . The next step in the Mokate internationalization process has started in 2001 with opening sales subsidiaries Mokate International in Czech Republic, Slovakia and Hungary. In 2006 Mokate decided to make brownfield acquisition of Timex company located in Czech Republic and after 3 years bought another one Czech company- Merilla which is sole production subsidiary cooperating abroad. There are also two subsidiaries cooperating in Ukraine and in Hungary. Meanwhile Mokate sold the license to manufacture its products to the company Alba from Zagreb in Croatia. Thanks this business agreement Mokate products became available on Balkan market and also in Arabic countries. Currently Mokate is selling its products in 55 countries i. e. in Germany, Russia, Sweden, Great Britain, Italy, China and countries of the Near East. Mokate is also a big importer of raw materials especially because of the fact that has extended its products lines. Now Mokate imports tea (from Ceylon, Kenya, Argentina), beans coffee (purchased on commodity exchange), coconut oil and glucose syrup (selection of distributors depends on actual prices). Imported products are 80% of total purchases of Mokate which means that the company buys only 20% on domestic market. 9. Forms of internationalization in Mokate [pic] 10. Structure of sales of Mokate products (in value) [pic] 5 Ataptation Mokate adopts its products and marketing activities to local markets, needs and tastes of consumer. These are the most important factors influencing adaptation decisions. Others are local regulations and different requirements regarding use of language and obligatory information which have to be written on package. Mokate adopt all marketing mix activities to particular markets: †¢ Product features e. g. Czech consumer prefer more sweet coffee taste so Mokate changed the recipe of coffee mixes †¢ Assortment e. g. In Czech Republic there are more varies of fruit tees. In Poland consumer drink mostly black tee †¢ Distribution system e. g. In Czech Republic Mokate uses more modern and advanced canals of distribution then in Poland, Slovakia and Hungary †¢ Package †¢ Price diversification †¢ Advertisement campaigns 11. Product adaptation in Poland and Czech Republic |COUNTRY |PRODUCT |PRICE | |POLAND |Babcia Jagoda | | | | |2,9 PLN | | | |(0,7 â‚ ¬) | |CZECH |Babicka Ruzenka | | |REPUBLIC | |10 Kc | | | |(0,4 â‚ ¬) | 6 Summary Mokate is an example of a company which successfully entered foreign markets and consistently realizes its strategy of development and building strong market position. Mokate begun from simple forms of internationalization (import, export) and in the course of time, gaining more experience and needed resources was utilizing more advanced forms of expansion. Adam Mokrysz, the member of executive board says that the company is still focused on international cooperation. Currently Mokate ries to gain new distributors and partners on African and Asian markets because in general countries in these regions grow very fast (as well as demand) and create big opportunities to export and reach high profits. Also the situation on a domestic market is very prospective. According Exp ort Credit Insurance Corporation Joint Stock Company the value of polish export in 2011 generated 137,8 billiard Euro and was 10,2% higher than last year. An average polish consumer buys approximately 3 kilos of coffee per year and this number is still growing (in 1996 average Pole drunk 280 cups per year. In 2006 drunk 580). Every year people in Poland consume also more fruit, green and herbal tee what creates additional possibility of development for Mokate in this sector. Sources: Marzanna Witek-Hajduk, Strategie internacjonalizacji polskich przedsiebiorstw w warunkach akcesji polski do Unii Europejskiej, SGH, Warszawa 2010 †¢ Jan Rymarczyk, Internacjonalizacja i globalizacja przedsiebiorstwa, PWE, Warszawa 2004 †¢ Nelly Daszkiewicz, Internacjonalizacja malych i srednich przedsiebiorstw we wspolczesnej gospodarce, Scientific Publishing Group, Gdansk 2004 †¢ www. mokate. com. pl †¢ http://www. egospodarka. pl/40931,Rosnie-rynek-kawy-w-Polsce,1,39,1. html †¢ http://www. fcmarket. pl/sezam/172021. pdf †¢ http://przegladhandlowy. pl/933/mokate-wiceliderem-w-kategorii-miksy-kawowe/ MOKATE GROUP POLAND FOREIGN MARKETS Mokate Sp. z. o. o. in Zory Mokate S. A. in Ustron [pic]DHSUcdvâ‚ ¬? †°S ®? eOA ¬e ¤Ã¢â‚¬ ? ncXcMgt;/h[5=h

Ivan the Terrible essays

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What factors contributed in the stuggle against the Mafia in Sicily Essay

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